Total Industrial Production was rose 0.8% in December, which was double the expected 0.4% increase. In November, total production increased by 0.3%, reversing a 0.1% decline in October. The November production increase was revised down from a 0.4% increase, but the October decline was previously reported to be -0.2%, so count the revisions as a wash.
For all of 2010, total Industrial Production is up 5.9%. On the surface, these numbers are great. However, if one digs just a little bit deeper, the report was softer than it first appears -- still good, but not as superlative as at first glance.
Total Industrial Production includes not only the output of the nation's factories, but of its mines and utility power plants as well. The production and consumption of electricity generally has as much to do with the weather as it does with overall economic activity. December was much colder than most Decembers, at least in the U.S. and thus a higher than normal demand for electricity.
Thus it is important to look at just how the manufacturing sector is doing alone. It rose 0.4% in December, up from November's 0.3% increase (unrevised) and matching October's increase, which was revised up from 0.3%. For all of 2010, factory output was up 5.8% over 2009.
Utility output surged by 4.3% in December, on top of a 1.9% increase in November, but that was after plunging 4.3% in October. Year over year, Utility output was up 2.0%.
The third sector tracked by the report is Mining (including oil and natural gas). The output of the nation's mines rose by 0.4% after a 0.3% increase in November and a 0.4% rise in October. Year over year, mine output is up 10.1%.
Stages of Production
Output of finished goods rose by 0.9%, more than reversing a 0.3% decline in November and after rising 0.2% in October. Relative to a year ago, finished goods production is up 5.5%. Finished goods are separated into consumer goods and business equipment, and there is a real dichotomy between the two.
Consumers are trying hard to rebuild their balance sheets. That means spending less on current consumption while paying down debt and building up savings. That is a tough thing to do when you are unemployed, but the 90.6% of people who are working are doing their best to get their personal fiscal houses in order.
In addition, a large part of consumer finished goods are imports, not made here in the U.S. Output of finished consumer goods surged by 1.0%, but that was after declines of 0.5% in November and a 0.1% decline in October. Year over year, output of consumer goods is up just 2.0%.
Business equipment output on the other hand has been consistently strong, rising 0.6% in December after being up 0.14% in November and after rising 1.4% in October. Business equipment production is up 11.7% from a year ago.
Business investment in Equipment and Software has been one of the strongest parts of the economy, contributing 1.11 points of the 2.50% total growth in the economy in the third quarter, even though it makes up just 7.13% of GDP. It looks like it will be another strong contributor in the fourth quarter as well.
Output of materials rose 1.0% on top of a 0.4% gain in November, more than reversing the 0.3% decline in October. Materials output is up 7.1% year to date.
The first graph (from http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/) below shows the long-term path of total industrial production. While we are in much better shape than we were a year ago, total production is still well below pre-recession levels. That is not particularly unusual a year and a half after the end of a recession; it usually takes at lest two years after production bottoms to reach a new high. In the Great Recession it fell much more than it had in any previous downturn.
Capacity Utilization
The other side of the report is Capacity Utilization. This is one of the most under-appreciated economic indicators out there, and one that deserves a lot more attention and ink than it usually gets. Total capacity utilization suffers from the same weather-related drawback as does Industrial Production. That served to goose it a bit this month.
Total Capacity Utilization rose to 76.0% from 75.4% in November and is up from 75.2% in October. Both October and November were revised higher, October by 0.3% and November by 0.2%. The revival of capacity utilization has been going on for more than a year now. A year ago, just 71.6% of our overall capacity was being used, and that was up from a record low of 68.2% in June 2009.
The basic rule of thumb on total capacity utilization is that if it gets up above 85%, the economy is booming and in severe danger of overheating. This is effectively raises a red flag at the Fed and tells them that they need to raise short-term interest rates to cool the economy. It is also a signal to Congress that it is time to either cut spending or raise taxes, also to cool down the economy (Congress seldom listens to what capacity utilization is saying, but the Fed does).
Capacity utilization of around 80 signals a nice, healthy economy, sort of the "Goldilocks" level, not too hot, not too cold. The long-term average level is 80.6%.
A level of 75% is usually associated with a recession. The Great Recession was the only one on record where it fell below 70%. Thus a 7.8% improvement in overall capacity utilization from the lows is highly significant and very good news. On the other hand, we still have a very long way to go for the economy to be considered healthy.
The second graph (also from http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/) shows the path of total capacity utilization since 1967. Note that the previous expansion was sort of on the pathetic side when it came to capacity utilization, barely getting over the long-term average at its peak, the previous two expansions both hit the 85% overheating mark (the 1990's doing so on two separate occasions).
Factory utilization rose to 73.2% in December up from 72.9% in November (revised up from 72.8%) and from 72.8% in October (revised from 72.6%). That is up from 69.1% a year ago, and the cycle (and record) low of 65.4% in June 2009. That is still well below the long-term average level of 79.2%, so as with total capacity, we still have a long way to go on the factory utilization level.
The increase in utilization over the last year, both total and factory has been aided by a decline in capacity, with the total falling 0.2% and factory capacity dropping 0.1%. If some factories are closed and dismantled, it is easier to run the remaining ones closer to full time.
Mines were working at 88.9% of capacity in December, up from 88.7% in November but down from 89.3% in October. A year ago they were only operating at 80.9% and the cycle low was 79.6%. We are actually now above the long-term average of 87.4% of capacity.
Since there is a lot of operating leverage in most mining companies, this probably means very good things for the profitability of mining firms with big U.S. operations like Freeport McMoRan (FCX) and Peabody Energy (BTU). Mine capacity increased 0.1% year over year. As depreciation is more than just an accounting exercise when it comes to mining equipment, the high operating rates are also good news for the equipment makers like Joy Global (JOYG).
Utility utilization jumped to 82.3% from 79.0% in November and from 77.9% in October. October's utility utilization was almost as low as the worst point during the official portion of the Great Recession, when the cycle low was 77.6%. That was probably more due to mild weather that month than significant weakness in economic activity.
We are still below the long-term average utilization of 86.7%. Increasing utility utilization faces a headwind because unlike factories, our power plant capacity has actually been increasing significantly, up 1.3% year over year. The weather-related changes in utility utilization is a significant distorting factor in the overall figures for both utilization and production figures.
In assessing the state of the overall economy, it is better to just look at the manufacturing numbers. However, in December, including the Utilities made things look great; when the weather-related effects of the Utilities are removed, it was merely very good.
Stages of Processing
By stage of processing, utilization of facilities producing crude goods (including the output of mines) rose to 89.0% from 88.5% in November and from 88.2% in October. A year ago, crude good facilities were operating at just 81.4% of capacity, and the cycle low was 78.3%. We are now above the long-term average of 86.5%. On the other hand, capacity has declined by 0.7% over the last year.
The same cannot be said for utilization for primary, or semi-finished, goods. It surged to 73.2% from 72.1% in November and 71.3% in October. While that is much better than the 69.1% level of a year ago, and the cycle low of 65.7%, it is a very long way from the long-term average of 81.6%. Still, the trend is in the right direction.
Utilization of facilities producing finished goods edged up to 74.3% from 74.2% in November, but is below the 74.7% level of October. It is up from 71.2% a year ago, and a cycle low of 67.5%. It also remains below its long-term average of 77.5%, but we are getting closer. Interestingly, our capacity to produce finished goods has actually increased by 1.0% over the last year, so the rise in utilization there is facing a headwind, not a tailwind.
Good Report, But Not Great
Overall, this report was good, but not quite as good as it appears if one just looks at the headline numbers. Part of the pop can be traced to harsher-than-normal seasonal weather in December and November after extremely mild weather in September and October. Once that is accounted for, it seems clear that we are headed in the right direction, but still have a long way to go.
The low levels of capacity utilization are one of the key reasons that inflation has remained low, and is not much of a threat in the intermediate future. This gives the Fed free reign to not only keep short-term interest rates at extraordinarily low levels for an extended period of time (probably until at least the end of 2011) but to take even more aggressive steps to ease monetary conditions, such as QE2. While under ordinary circumstances, doing so would raise a big threat of inflation accelerating, we do not live in ordinary times. Right now the bigger threat is deflation, not run away inflation. Or at least it is in the absence of QE2.
While the economy is recovering, it is still running at levels far below its potential. The capacity utilization numbers can be thought of as sort of like the employment rate from physical capital, much like the employment to population rate is the employment rate for human capital. Both are running well below where we want them to be.
While additional monetary stimulus would be useful at the margin, the cost of capital is not the major issue right now -- it is lack of aggregate demand. As such, additional fiscal stimulus would be much more effective in getting the economy going again.
While the recent tax deal is not the most efficient stimulus on an impact-per-dollar-spent basis, it should help increase growth in 2011. Getting the economy back into high gear would also start to raise tax revenues, and so the net cost of additional stimulus should be less than the advertised amount. Of course, the two are not mutually exclusive and the economy would benefit from both being used.
De-stimulus from the lower levels of government has offset about half of the federal stimulus we got from the ARRA. The combination of QE2 and the tax compromise will help growth at the margin in 2011, but we still face some pretty serious headwinds. The main stimulus from both QE2 and the tax deal will wear off at the end of 2011, but hopefully the economy will be self-sustaining at that point ("hopefully" being the operative word).
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Total Industrial Production includes not only the output of the nation's factories, but of its mines and utility power plants as well. The production and consumption of electricity generally has as much to do with the weather as it does with overall economic activity. December was much colder than most Decembers, at least in the U.S. and thus a higher than normal demand for electricity.
Thus it is important to look at just how the manufacturing sector is doing alone. It rose 0.4% in December, up from November's 0.3% increase (unrevised) and matching October's increase, which was revised up from 0.3%. For all of 2010, factory output was up 5.8% over 2009.
Utility output surged by 4.3% in December, on top of a 1.9% increase in November, but that was after plunging 4.3% in October. Year over year, Utility output was up 2.0%.
The third sector tracked by the report is Mining (including oil and natural gas). The output of the nation's mines rose by 0.4% after a 0.3% increase in November and a 0.4% rise in October. Year over year, mine output is up 10.1%.
Stages of Production
Output of finished goods rose by 0.9%, more than reversing a 0.3% decline in November and after rising 0.2% in October. Relative to a year ago, finished goods production is up 5.5%. Finished goods are separated into consumer goods and business equipment, and there is a real dichotomy between the two.
Consumers are trying hard to rebuild their balance sheets. That means spending less on current consumption while paying down debt and building up savings. That is a tough thing to do when you are unemployed, but the 90.6% of people who are working are doing their best to get their personal fiscal houses in order.
In addition, a large part of consumer finished goods are imports, not made here in the U.S. Output of finished consumer goods surged by 1.0%, but that was after declines of 0.5% in November and a 0.1% decline in October. Year over year, output of consumer goods is up just 2.0%.
Business equipment output on the other hand has been consistently strong, rising 0.6% in December after being up 0.14% in November and after rising 1.4% in October. Business equipment production is up 11.7% from a year ago.
Business investment in Equipment and Software has been one of the strongest parts of the economy, contributing 1.11 points of the 2.50% total growth in the economy in the third quarter, even though it makes up just 7.13% of GDP. It looks like it will be another strong contributor in the fourth quarter as well.
Output of materials rose 1.0% on top of a 0.4% gain in November, more than reversing the 0.3% decline in October. Materials output is up 7.1% year to date.
The first graph (from http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/) below shows the long-term path of total industrial production. While we are in much better shape than we were a year ago, total production is still well below pre-recession levels. That is not particularly unusual a year and a half after the end of a recession; it usually takes at lest two years after production bottoms to reach a new high. In the Great Recession it fell much more than it had in any previous downturn.
Capacity Utilization
The other side of the report is Capacity Utilization. This is one of the most under-appreciated economic indicators out there, and one that deserves a lot more attention and ink than it usually gets. Total capacity utilization suffers from the same weather-related drawback as does Industrial Production. That served to goose it a bit this month.
Total Capacity Utilization rose to 76.0% from 75.4% in November and is up from 75.2% in October. Both October and November were revised higher, October by 0.3% and November by 0.2%. The revival of capacity utilization has been going on for more than a year now. A year ago, just 71.6% of our overall capacity was being used, and that was up from a record low of 68.2% in June 2009.
The basic rule of thumb on total capacity utilization is that if it gets up above 85%, the economy is booming and in severe danger of overheating. This is effectively raises a red flag at the Fed and tells them that they need to raise short-term interest rates to cool the economy. It is also a signal to Congress that it is time to either cut spending or raise taxes, also to cool down the economy (Congress seldom listens to what capacity utilization is saying, but the Fed does).
Capacity utilization of around 80 signals a nice, healthy economy, sort of the "Goldilocks" level, not too hot, not too cold. The long-term average level is 80.6%.
A level of 75% is usually associated with a recession. The Great Recession was the only one on record where it fell below 70%. Thus a 7.8% improvement in overall capacity utilization from the lows is highly significant and very good news. On the other hand, we still have a very long way to go for the economy to be considered healthy.
The second graph (also from http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/) shows the path of total capacity utilization since 1967. Note that the previous expansion was sort of on the pathetic side when it came to capacity utilization, barely getting over the long-term average at its peak, the previous two expansions both hit the 85% overheating mark (the 1990's doing so on two separate occasions).
Factory utilization rose to 73.2% in December up from 72.9% in November (revised up from 72.8%) and from 72.8% in October (revised from 72.6%). That is up from 69.1% a year ago, and the cycle (and record) low of 65.4% in June 2009. That is still well below the long-term average level of 79.2%, so as with total capacity, we still have a long way to go on the factory utilization level.
The increase in utilization over the last year, both total and factory has been aided by a decline in capacity, with the total falling 0.2% and factory capacity dropping 0.1%. If some factories are closed and dismantled, it is easier to run the remaining ones closer to full time.
Mines were working at 88.9% of capacity in December, up from 88.7% in November but down from 89.3% in October. A year ago they were only operating at 80.9% and the cycle low was 79.6%. We are actually now above the long-term average of 87.4% of capacity.
Since there is a lot of operating leverage in most mining companies, this probably means very good things for the profitability of mining firms with big U.S. operations like Freeport McMoRan (FCX) and Peabody Energy (BTU). Mine capacity increased 0.1% year over year. As depreciation is more than just an accounting exercise when it comes to mining equipment, the high operating rates are also good news for the equipment makers like Joy Global (JOYG).
Utility utilization jumped to 82.3% from 79.0% in November and from 77.9% in October. October's utility utilization was almost as low as the worst point during the official portion of the Great Recession, when the cycle low was 77.6%. That was probably more due to mild weather that month than significant weakness in economic activity.
We are still below the long-term average utilization of 86.7%. Increasing utility utilization faces a headwind because unlike factories, our power plant capacity has actually been increasing significantly, up 1.3% year over year. The weather-related changes in utility utilization is a significant distorting factor in the overall figures for both utilization and production figures.
In assessing the state of the overall economy, it is better to just look at the manufacturing numbers. However, in December, including the Utilities made things look great; when the weather-related effects of the Utilities are removed, it was merely very good.
Stages of Processing
By stage of processing, utilization of facilities producing crude goods (including the output of mines) rose to 89.0% from 88.5% in November and from 88.2% in October. A year ago, crude good facilities were operating at just 81.4% of capacity, and the cycle low was 78.3%. We are now above the long-term average of 86.5%. On the other hand, capacity has declined by 0.7% over the last year.
The same cannot be said for utilization for primary, or semi-finished, goods. It surged to 73.2% from 72.1% in November and 71.3% in October. While that is much better than the 69.1% level of a year ago, and the cycle low of 65.7%, it is a very long way from the long-term average of 81.6%. Still, the trend is in the right direction.
Utilization of facilities producing finished goods edged up to 74.3% from 74.2% in November, but is below the 74.7% level of October. It is up from 71.2% a year ago, and a cycle low of 67.5%. It also remains below its long-term average of 77.5%, but we are getting closer. Interestingly, our capacity to produce finished goods has actually increased by 1.0% over the last year, so the rise in utilization there is facing a headwind, not a tailwind.
Good Report, But Not Great
Overall, this report was good, but not quite as good as it appears if one just looks at the headline numbers. Part of the pop can be traced to harsher-than-normal seasonal weather in December and November after extremely mild weather in September and October. Once that is accounted for, it seems clear that we are headed in the right direction, but still have a long way to go.
The low levels of capacity utilization are one of the key reasons that inflation has remained low, and is not much of a threat in the intermediate future. This gives the Fed free reign to not only keep short-term interest rates at extraordinarily low levels for an extended period of time (probably until at least the end of 2011) but to take even more aggressive steps to ease monetary conditions, such as QE2. While under ordinary circumstances, doing so would raise a big threat of inflation accelerating, we do not live in ordinary times. Right now the bigger threat is deflation, not run away inflation. Or at least it is in the absence of QE2.
While the economy is recovering, it is still running at levels far below its potential. The capacity utilization numbers can be thought of as sort of like the employment rate from physical capital, much like the employment to population rate is the employment rate for human capital. Both are running well below where we want them to be.
While additional monetary stimulus would be useful at the margin, the cost of capital is not the major issue right now -- it is lack of aggregate demand. As such, additional fiscal stimulus would be much more effective in getting the economy going again.
While the recent tax deal is not the most efficient stimulus on an impact-per-dollar-spent basis, it should help increase growth in 2011. Getting the economy back into high gear would also start to raise tax revenues, and so the net cost of additional stimulus should be less than the advertised amount. Of course, the two are not mutually exclusive and the economy would benefit from both being used.
De-stimulus from the lower levels of government has offset about half of the federal stimulus we got from the ARRA. The combination of QE2 and the tax compromise will help growth at the margin in 2011, but we still face some pretty serious headwinds. The main stimulus from both QE2 and the tax deal will wear off at the end of 2011, but hopefully the economy will be self-sustaining at that point ("hopefully" being the operative word).
PEABODY ENERGY (BTU): Free Stock Analysis Report
FREEPT MC COP-B (FCX): Free Stock Analysis Report
JOY GLOBAL INC (JOYG): Free Stock Analysis Report
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