History Suggests S&P 500 Could Struggle In 2025, But There's Reason For Optimism

Zinger Key Points
  • First-year Republican presidencies see weaker S&P 500 performance: median return -10.11%, with just 36.36% winning years.
  • Trump 2017 bucked trends: 19.40% annual return, a standout in first-year performance.

Could 2025 mark a sluggish year for the S&P 500? Historical data suggests that investors may need to tread cautiously, especially given the patterns tied to the first year of a U.S. presidential term.

An analysis of market performance dating back to 1928 shows that the S&P 500's average returns during the inaugural year of a presidency have lagged behind its typical performance—particularly under Republican administrations.

Historical Data Highlights First Year Struggles

The first year of a U.S. presidential term has historically been marked by volatility in the S&P 500 – as tracked by the SPDR S&P 500 ETF Trust SPY – with performance oscillating between striking gains and painful losses.

Data from Seasonax reveals that while the median return for the index in these years stands at 8.44%, the probability of positive performance—captured by a 58.33% winning ratio—barely tips the scales in favor of gains.

For comparison, in an average year since 1928, the S&P 500 has delivered a median return of 11%, with 67.37% of those years ending in positive territory.

“In year 1 of a US presidential cycle, the average SPX trend has tended to struggle from mid-January through April, rallied into the summer, and declined into year-end,” wrote Bank of America analyst Paul Ciana in a note published Monday.

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The Republican And Q1 Effects

The median return during Republican first years is -10.11%, and the winning ratio drops to 36.36%, highlighting the increased likelihood of losses.

The early months of a presidential year have also been tough for markets. From inauguration in late January to the end of March, the S&P 500’s median return is -0.09%, with gains recorded only 50% of the time.

Trump 2017: An Exception to the Rule

President-elect Donald Trump's first year in 2017 bucked these historical trends, delivering exceptional market performance.

From his inauguration to the end of March, the S&P 500 gained 4.2%, outperforming historical averages for both first presidential years and Republican presidencies. By year-end, the index had surged 19.40%, marking a robust first-year performance.

MetricNormal Year (1928-2023)First Presidential YearFirst Republican Presidential YearTrump 2017
Median Annual Return+11.00%+8.44%-10.11%+19.40%
Winning Annual Trades (%)67.37%58.33%36.36%
Max Annual Gain+48.02%+48.02%+30.65%+19.40%
Max Annual Loss-48.77%-37.68%-18.09%0.00%
Median Return (Inauguration-end Q1)+1.68%-4.99%+0.08%+4.20%
Winning trades (Inauguration-end Q1)63.54%50%54.55%
Data: Seasonax

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